VARIATION AND EVOLUTION
Variation and Evolution are central concepts in biology, explaining the diversity of life and the processes by which species adapt and change over time. Variation refers to the differences in physical traits, behaviors, and genetic makeup among individuals of the same species. These variations arise through genetic mutations, recombination during sexual reproduction, and environmental influences. Evolution builds on this variation through natural selection, where advantageous traits improve an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction, leading to their propagation over generations. Over time, these small changes accumulate, resulting in the emergence of new species and the adaptation of populations to their environments. Together, variation and evolution form the foundation for understanding the complexity and dynamism of life on Earth.